Cannabis Definitions: Terms and Meanings

Welcome to our comprehensive cannabis glossary, designed to enhance your understanding of cannabis and clarify commonly used terminology for both beginners and experienced growers.

Glossary of Terms

Aeroponics

In an aeroponic system,  plant roots are suspended in a chamber where they are sprayed with a nutrient-rich solution. Their roots are able to hang freely and absorb nutrients as needed.

This innovative method reduces water usage while increasing yield potential. Aeroponics suspends plants above a chamber, allowing their roots to hang freely in the air. The system periodically mists the roots with a nutrient-rich solution, creating an ideal environment for growth. This highly oxygenated atmosphere not only accelerates growth rates but also significantly enhances nutrient absorption, enabling plants to thrive more efficiently.

Apical Dominance

Apical dominance is when a plant’s main stem grows more vigorously than the side branches.

Auxins produced at the shoot tip regulate hormonal control, which suppresses lateral growth. Techniques like topping or FIMing disrupt apical dominance, encouraging bushier plants and a more even canopy. Grasping this concept is essential for effective training methods in cannabis cultivation, enabling growers to manipulate plant shape and optimize yield. Properly managing auxin levels through these practices is key to achieving optimal plant growth and development.

Autoflowering

Autoflowering strains of cannabis flower based on age, not light cycle.

Derived from Cannabis ruderalis genetics, which evolved in regions with short growing seasons. Autoflowers begin transitioning to flowering after a specific duration, typically two to four weeks, unlike photoperiod strains, which require a 12/12 light cycle to initiate flowering. This trait makes them ideal for quick harvests or regions with unpredictable light exposure. However, their shorter lifecycle can limit training options and yield potential compared to traditional strains.

Backcrossing

Backcrossing is breeding a hybrid offspring with one of its parents to reinforce desired traits.

This technique aims to stabilize specific genetic traits, such as a distinctive terpene profile or robust plant structure. It works by increasing the prevalence of parent-dominant genes through multiple generations of backcrossing (Bx1, Bx2, etc.). While this process can improve a cultivar’s predictability, excessive backcrossing may reduce genetic diversity, which could be a concern for those growers looking to maintain a broad gene pool.

Bract

A bract is a leaf-like structure that encloses and protects the plant’s reproductive organs.

In cannabis, bracts are the main part of the flower, densely covered with trichomes, especially in female plants. They serve as vital protective structures, shielding the ovule and reproductive organs from pests, environmental stress, and UV radiation. During flowering, swollen bracts signal active resin production, which is associated with higher potency and quality. Their dense trichome coverage and swelling are key indicators for growers assessing quality and effects.

Brix

Brix is a measurement of the sugar content in plant sap, used to measure plant health and vitality.

Measured with a refractometer, higher Brix readings typically indicate improved photosynthesis, enhanced nutrient uptake, and increased resistance to pests. While not a direct measure of potency, Brix levels can reflect a plant’s metabolic efficiency and overall vigor. Some advanced cultivators use Brix as part of advanced diagnostic strategies. Overall, Brix provides valuable insights into plant health and development, enabling growers to produce healthier crops.

Butane Hash Oil (BHO)

BHO is a cannabis extract made using butane as a solvent and dried plant material

The extraction process involves dissolving cannabinoids and terpenes from plant material using a solvent, typically butane, to produce concentrates such as BHO (Butane Hash Oil). After extraction, the mixture is purged under vacuum to remove residual solvents, ensuring safety and purity. BHO can take various forms, such as shatter, wax, or crumble, each offering a distinct texture. Due to butane’s highly flammable nature, strict safety precautions are essential.

Calyx

The calyx is a crucial part of the flower, forming the base of the reproductive structure.

In botanical terminology, the calyx is composed of sepals, which are the outer protective floral structures that enclose and shield the developing reproductive organs, such as the pistils and stamens. In cannabis plants, calyxes are frequently mistaken for bracts; however, they are distinct structural components, with calyxes being specific parts within the bracts. In cannabis, calyx and bract are often used interchangeably.

Cannabidiol (CBD)

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid known for its therapeutic effects.

CBD primarily interacts with the endocannabinoid system through CB2 receptors, playing a vital role in regulating inflammation, anxiety, and pain, without producing the psychoactive high associated with THC. This makes CBD a valuable subject of extensive medical research, leading to its legal status as medical cannabis in many regions where THC remains restricted. The CBD-to-THC ratio can also influence both user experience and therapeutic effectiveness.

Cannabigerol (CBG)

CBG is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid and the chemical precursor to THC and CBD.

Known as the “mother cannabinoid,” CBG (cannabigerol) occurs naturally in tiny amounts within the cannabis plant but plays a vital role in its biosynthesis, serving as a precursor to other cannabinoids like THC and CBD. To obtain higher concentrations, early harvesting or selective breeding techniques are employed. CBG has shown promising potential due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, making it ideal for ongoing medical research.

Cannabinol (CBN)

CBN is a mildly psychoactive cannabinoid formed when THC degrades.

CBN, or cannabinol, is a naturally occurring compound commonly found in aged or improperly stored cannabis, where it develops as a byproduct of cannabinoid degradation over time. Renowned for its calming, sedative effects, CBN is often used to promote restful sleep and combat insomnia. Despite its mild activity, as it binds weakly to CB1 receptors in the brain, researchers typically study CBN alongside other cannabinoids because of its lower potency.

Chelated Nutrients

Chelated nutrients are minerals bound to organic molecules that are stable and easily absorbed by plant roots.

Chelates are compounds that bind with essential nutrients to prevent their precipitation in the soil or hydroponic solutions. This chelation process ensures nutrients remain soluble, bioavailable, and easily absorbed by plants under various pH conditions, especially in challenging environments. Common chelating agents, such as EDTA, DTPA, and EDDHA, are particularly effective in delivering vital micronutrients, including iron, zinc, and manganese.

Chemotype

A chemotype describes a plant’s unique profile of cannabinoids.

Chemotypes are classified into three main types: Type I, which represents a strain with a high-THC content; Type II, characterized by a balanced ratio of THC to CBD; Type III, which is dominated by high CBD content, and Type IV which describes High CBG, CBC, or THCV plants

Clone

A clone is a propagule derived from a plant used to cultivate a genetically identical specimen.

Cloning maintains the exact genetic profile of the parent plant, ensuring uniformity in growth traits, cannabinoid composition, and yield potential. This breeding technique is fundamental in commercial cultivation for reproducing high-yielding phenotypes. Clones are typically taken from healthy mother plants during the vegetative stage and rooted in a suitable medium under high humidity and low-intensity light, which promotes dense root growth without added stress.

CO₂ Extraction

CO₂ extraction uses temperature and pressurized carbon dioxide to extract cannabinoids and terpenes.

Supercritical CO₂ serves as a clean solvent, leaving no chemical residues, which makes it highly suitable for food-grade and medical-grade products. Its ability to precisely target specific cannabinoid compounds is highly valuable in various applications. This versatility has led to its widespread use in manufacturing oils, capsules, vape products, and pharmaceuticals, emphasizing its importance in industrial processes where purity and precision are critical.

Cola

A cola is a cluster of bracts that develops on the ends of branches.

Cannabis colas develop at the ends of branches and the apical mainstem, known as the apical cola. They consist of tightly clustered buds, sugar leaves, pistils, and trichomes. Using proper training and pruning techniques can significantly increase the number of large colas on each plant. This method promotes healthier growth and yields, resulting in bigger yields and an effective strategy for maximizing cannabis production and enhancing overall harvest quality.

Companion Planting

Companion planting is the process of growing plants together that complement each other.

In cannabis cultivation, companion plants such as basil, marigold, and clover are used to naturally manage pests by repelling unwanted insects and attracting beneficial ones. These plants also enhance soil health by improving soil structure and nutrient cycling, while some provide natural shade. This ecological approach minimizes the need for chemical inputs, promotes biodiversity, and is ideal for growing outdoor and organic growing systems.

Cover Crop

A cover crop is a plant grown between cannabis cycles to enrich and enhance the medium.

After completing their lifecycle, cover crops can be either mulched or tilled into the soil or medium, significantly enhancing organic content. These methods are essential components of regenerative cultivation and sustainable farming, contributing to healthier ecosystems and long-term agricultural productivity. Legumes, such as clover, fix nitrogen and enhance soil fertility, while grasses and mustards are effective in controlling erosion and suppressing pests.

Cultivar

A cultivar describes a plant’s genetic profile and specific growth traits.

A cultivar refers to a specific variety of cannabis that has been carefully selected and stabilized. Each cultivar is bred to possess particular traits, such as a unique terpene profile that affects aroma and flavor, yield size, growth pattern, or resistance to diseases. While many people colloquially use the term “strain” to describe these plants, the correct scientific terminology is “cultivar,” which emphasizes the controlled and distinct nature of each cultivated variety. Cultivars can express different phenotypes depending on the environmental conditions they are exposed.

Curing

Curing is the process of slowly drying buds to enhance the flavor and stabilize moisture

After drying, buds are placed in airtight containers and periodically burped to control humidity and allow residual moisture to redistribute evenly. This step allows chlorophyll and other volatile compounds to degrade, reducing harshness and improving terpene preservation. Proper curing can take several months and significantly impacts the final product’s smoothness, aroma, and shelf life; inadequate curing results in a grassy flavor with diminished terpene levels and degraded cannabinoids.

Decarboxylation

Decarboxylation is the process of activating cannabinoids through the application of heat and time

THCA and CBDA are non-psychoactive compounds found in raw cannabis. To become bioactive and produce effects in the body, they must be converted into THC and CBD through a process called decarboxylation. This transformation occurs when cannabis is heated to specific temperatures during activities such as smoking, vaping, or edibles. Decarbing is essential when making edibles, as it activates the cannabinoids responsible for the psychoactive effects.

Deep Water Culture (DWC)

DWC is a hydroponic system where the roots are suspended in oxygen-rich, nutrient-rich water.

Oxygenated water is an essential component of a DWC system. Aeration promotes healthy root development by ensuring roots have a constant supply of oxygen, which enhances nutrient absorption and overall plant growth. DWC systems enable rapid plant growth and high yields but demand vigilant management of aeration and temperature, and are best suited for experienced growers.

Defoliation

Defoliation involves removing larger plant leaves to improve light penetration and airflow.

Strategically pruning large fan leaves (especially those that block light from reaching lower bud sites) can enhance canopy efficiency and reduce humidity buildup, lowering the risk of mold. This high-stress training technique is often employed during the vegetative or early flowering stage and must be timed carefully to prevent stunted growth. Excessive or poorly executed defoliation can disrupt photosynthesis and unnecessarily stress the plant, reducing yields.

Distillate

Distillate is a purified cannabis extract containing THC or CBD.

Produced through fractional distillation, it removes all other compounds, such as terpenes, waxes, and flavonoids, leaving behind almost pure cannabinoids. This distillate is odorless and tasteless, making it perfect for a variety of products, including edibles, vape cartridges, and topical applications. Although not recommended, terpenes can be added to enhance the flavor of certain types of distillate, allowing for customized flavor adjustments post-production.

Ebb and Flow

Ebb and Flow is a hydroponic system that floods and drains plant roots with nutrient water.

Also known as flood and drain, this system cycles a nutrient solution into a grow tray at timed intervals, allowing roots to absorb water and nutrients before draining back into a reservoir. Between watering cycles, roots are allowed to dry back and are exposed to air, encouraging oxygen uptake. Ebb and Flow systems are popular for their simplicity, scalability, and efficient nutrient delivery. However, they rely on consistent pump function and careful timing to avoid root drying or over-saturation.

Electrical Conductivity (EC)

Electrical conductivity (EC) measures nutrient levels in water by how well the solution conducts electricity.

EC measures the ability of a nutrient solution to conduct electricity, which is directly related to the concentration of salts. Keeping EC within optimal ranges ensures plants receive appropriate nutrients without being over- or under-fertilized. EC is expressed in units like mS/cm. The ideal EC level varies depending on the plant’s growth stage and growing medium, which is crucial for healthy plant growth and development.

Entourage Effect

The entourage effect refers to the impact of cannabinoids and terpenes working together.

Compounds such as THC and CBD, along with terpenes like myrcene and limonene, interact synergistically through a phenomenon known as the entourage effect. This interaction enhances and amplifies their individual therapeutic properties, resulting in improved overall benefits. Consequently, this scientific understanding supports the preference for full-spectrum products over isolated cannabinoids, as they offer more comprehensive holistic health benefits.

Ethanol Extraction

Ethanol extraction uses alcohol to dissolve cannabinoids and terpenes from plant material. Heat is then used to separate the alcohol from the cannabinoids and terpenes.

The process begins by dissolving cannabis in alcohol, which is then evaporated to leave behind a crude extract rich in cannabinoids and terpenes. This method is efficient, scalable, and commonly used in cannabis extraction for producing full-spectrum oils that retain a wide range of plant compounds. To enhance purity, post-processing steps such as winterization, which removes lipids and waxes, and distillation, which isolates specific cannabinoids, are employed.

F1 Hybrid

An F1 hybrid is the first-generation offspring of two genetically distinct parents.

These crosses generally exhibit hybrid vigor, also known as heterosis, resulting in offspring that show more vigorous growth, higher crop yields, and increased resilience. However, these traits in F1 hybrids can segregate in subsequent generations, leading to variation. To maintain consistency, seed companies often market F1 hybrids, which are specifically bred and stabilized to ensure uniform performance and predictable results for experienced growers.

Fan Leaves

Fan leaves are the large leaves that are used for photosynthesis.

Fan leaves are large, seven- to nine-fingered leaves that play a vital role in the plant’s development. These leaves are typically broad and grow in a distinctive radial pattern around the stem, efficiently absorbing sunlight essential for photosynthesis. While they contain few cannabinoids themselves, fan leaves are vital during the vegetative and early flowering phases, and growers often remove them strategically through defoliation techniques to improve airflow.

Feminized Seeds

Feminized seeds are bred to eliminate male chromosomes, resulting in plants that produce only female flowers.

Through selective breeding or treatment with colloidal silver or silver thiosulfate, plants are induced to produce pollen without introducing male genetics. The result is a seed that produces only female plants, which are the ones that grow cannabinoid-rich buds. Feminized seeds streamline cultivation by removing the need for early sexing and reducing the risk of accidental pollination, making them the standard for most commercial and home growers.

FIMing

FIM’ing is a technique that increases the number of pre-bud sites by cutting the main growth tip.

This technique, often abbreviated as “F*** I Missed,” involves the careful pinching, cutting, or pruning of approximately 70 to 80% of a new growth tip or branch. The goal is to stimulate the plant to produce multiple new shoots, typically ranging from three to eight, instead of just two. While less predictable than traditional topping, this method can lead to bushier, more vigorous plants with an increased potential for numerous bud sites.

Genotype

A genotype is the genetic blueprint of a plant.

It defines a plant’s full potential, encompassing growth characteristics such as height, terpene profile, disease resistance, flowering time, and growth habit. Environmental factors, such as light, temperature, soil nutrients, and water, influence the expression of these traits, resulting in diverse phenotypes even among genetically identical plants. Ensuring genotype stability is vital in selective breeding to achieve predictability and consistency in commercial cultivation.

Germination

Germination is the process by which a seed sprouts, initiating the growth of a new plant.

This initial stage of the plant life cycle begins when a seed absorbs moisture, activating enzymes that convert stored food into energy for growth. A root (radicle) breaks through first, followed by a shoot that becomes the stem. Germination requires warmth, oxygen, and water (but not light) and is typically achieved using moist paper towels, starter cubes, or planting directly into the medium. The process normally takes around 72 hours, but it can take 10 days.

Hardening Off

Hardening off is the process of gradually exposing indoor plants to outdoor conditions.

The acclimation process, also known as hardening off, is essential for preparing indoor-grown or greenhouse plants for outdoor conditions. It gradually helps plants adapt to environmental stresses, such as wind, direct sunlight, temperature fluctuations, and changes in humidity. Typically lasting 7 to 10 days, this process involves gradually increasing the duration and intensity of outdoor exposure each day. Skipping this step can lead to unexpected stress.

Heirloom Strain

An heirloom strain is a variety that has been selectively inbred and preserved over generations.

These strains are landrace-derived and cultivated in isolation, free from modern hybridization. They maintain regional traits and chemotypes, which makes them highly valuable for breeders and connoisseurs. These heirlooms preserve genetic diversity and historical authenticity, serving as vital repositories of genetic information. Their unique traits offer a rich resource for breeding programs and for those interested in the authentic heritage of these varieties.

Hermaphrodite

A hermaphrodite contains both male and female reproductive parts, which is undesirable in cannabis cultivation but useful in cannabis breeding for creating feminized seed

Hermaphroditism in cultivated plants like cannabis results from genetic instability or environmental stress or human-induced stress, leading to plants with both female and male organs. When both organs are present, self-pollination can occur, resulting in seeds being produced inside buds. In a production crop, this will reduce quality, potency, and yield. Early detection and removal of hermaphroditic plants are crucial for maintaining crop quality and preventing seed contamination, unless breeding for seeds.

Hybrid

A hybrid is a cannabis strain bred from indica and sativa parents.

Hybrids are cultivated by combining desirable traits from two different cannabis subspecies. These strains can be indica-dominant, sativa-dominant, or balanced, offering a broad spectrum of characteristics. Some hybrids are specifically designed to enhance certain cannabinoids or terpene profiles, catering to both medicinal and recreational users. Due to decades of selective breeding, most modern strains are hybrids, reflecting extensive genetic diversity.

Hydroponics

Hydroponics involves growing plants without soil by using only nutrient-rich water, and sometimes, a sterile inert medium.

Instead of using soil as a medium, hydroponic systems deliver precise amounts of water, oxygen, and nutrients directly to the root zone. The root zone can be directly in the nutrient rich water source or it can be in an  inert medium like rockwool or perlite. This method often results  in faster growth and larger yields. Systems range from simple wick setups to complex recirculating systems, such as Deep Water Culture (DWC) or Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Hydroponics allows for complete control over pH, EC, and nutrient ratios, but requires constant monitoring to avoid any nutrient imbalances.

Indica

Cannabis indica strains are renowned for their calming effects and compact, bushy growth.

Originally from regions like Afghanistan and the Hindu Kush, Indica cannabis plants thrive in cooler climates and have fast flowering periods. They produce body-heavy effects, ideal for relaxation, sleep, and pain relief. Their compact size makes them popular for indoor cultivation, offering a practical option for growers seeking manageable plants with potent effects. Indicas are beneficial for medicinal uses and are favored by those who prefer a strong body high.

Internode

An internode is the segment between two nodes.

A combination of genetic traits, light intensity, and environmental factors, including temperature and humidity, significantly influences the length of internodes. Shorter internodes tend to result in bushier, more compact plants, which are often preferred for growers looking to maximize space. Additionally, closely monitoring internode spacing can help detect early-stage stretching caused by insufficient light or nutrient imbalances, promoting healthier growth and development.

Landrace

A landrace is a wild cannabis strain native to a specific region.

These naturally occurring types of cannabis have developed over many generations, adapting specifically to their unique climates, elevation, and terroir. Landrace strains are known for their genetic stability and purity, making them valuable for breeding purposes. Notable examples of landrace strains include Afghan Kush, renowned for its calming effects; Thai, recognized for its energizing properties; and Durban Poison, famous for its uplifting high.

Limonene

Limonene is a citrus-scented terpene that may elevate mood and reduce stress.

Limonene is a naturally occurring compound primarily found in the peels of citrus fruits like lemons and oranges. It is well-known for its antifungal and antibacterial properties, while recent studies suggest that limonene may have anti-anxiety (anxiolytic) effects, contributing to its potential therapeutic benefits. In cannabis, limonene is often a key component of uplifting sativa strains, adding a distinctive, sharp, fruity aroma that enhances the sensory experience.

Linalool

Linalool is a floral terpene known for its calming and anti-anxiety effects.

Linalool, a natural compound in lavender, has garnered extensive research due to its potential health benefits. Known for its sweet aroma and calming effects, it may help reduce stress, inflammation, and seizure activity. These properties make it a popular ingredient in products aimed at relaxation and stress relief, like essential oils. Its soothing scent and therapeutic potential contribute to its widespread use, especially in indica-dominant cannabis hybrids, enhancing its calming effects.

Live Resin

Live resin is a cannabis concentrate made using hydrocarbons and fresh-frozen plant material that has not been dried or cured.

By freezing the plant immediately after harvest, producers preserve the delicate terpenes, which are often lost during conventional drying processes. The frozen plant material is then carefully extracted using hydrocarbon solvents, such as butane or propane, to isolate cannabinoid and terpene-rich extracts. This method yields a potent, aromatic extract that preserves the plant’s natural flavor, aroma, and psychoactive effects, ensuring the maximum preservation of its original qualities.

Low-Stress Training (LST)

LST involves gently bending stems to enhance light exposure and yield.

During the vegetative stage, growers use soft ties or plant training wires to gently bend and manipulate the plant’s branches. This low-stress training method creates a flat, wide canopy that maximizes light exposure, unlike topping or super cropping, which can cause tissue damage. LST reduces stress, promotes healthy growth and development, and is also ideal for small spaces or sensitive strains. It’s considered a gentle, training technique for optimal plant development.

Myrcene

Myrcene is an earthy, musky terpene with potentially relaxing effects.

Myrcene is a prevalent terpene in cannabis hybrids and can also be found in hops and mangoes. It may potentially boost THC’s effects by increasing blood-brain barrier permeability. Typically associated with sedative, body-heavy effects, myrcene is common in indica-dominant strains, contributing to their relaxing qualities. Its presence influences the overall experience, making it a key component for those seeking calming and sedative effects in their cannabis use.

Node

A node is the point on a stem where leaves, branches, or flowers grow.

Nodes on a plant play a vital role in growth and development. They are the points where leaves, stems, branches, and flowers originate, contributing to the plant’s overall vitality. Additionally, nodes are involved in sex determination and cloning processes. The spacing and density of nodes can also serve as important indicators of the plant’s health; closely packed nodes often suggest vigorous growth, while wider spacing may signal stress or irregular development.

NPK

NPK is the ratio of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) in fertilizer.

These three macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) are essential for plant development. Nitrogen aids in leaf and stem development, phosphorus supports root and flowering growth, while potassium enhances overall health and stress resistance. Fertilizer labels display the NPK ratio, such as 3-2-1, which should be adjusted according to the plant’s growth stage, as imbalances can cause nutrient lockout or deficiencies.

pH

pH is the scale for measuring acidity or alkalinity in water or soil, which affects nutrient uptake.

Cannabis thrives best in slightly acidic conditions, typically measuring between 6.0 and 7.0 in soil and 5.5 to 6.5 in hydroponics, on a pH scale of 0 to 14, where 7 is neutral. If the pH falls outside this range, vital nutrients may become chemically unavailable to the plant, even if they are present in the soil. As such, regular monitoring and adjustment of pH levels are essential to ensure optimal nutrient absorption and prevent issues such as nutrient burn or lockout.

Phenotype

A phenotype is a plant’s observable traits, shaped by both its genetics and environment.

These traits encompass a range of characteristics, including height, color, smell, leaf shape, and cannabinoid content. Even seeds that are genetically identical can produce different phenotypes when cultivated in varying environmental conditions. Breeders carefully select the most desirable phenotypes to stabilize specific strains, aiming to make their growth more predictable and consistent, ultimately improving the quality and reliability of the plants produced.

Photoperiod

Photoperiod refers to the length of time a plant is exposed to light and determines the stages of plant growth and development.

Cannabis is a photoperiod-sensitive plant that relies on specific light cycles to regulate its growth stages. During the vegetative phase, it requires approximately 18 or more hours of light per day. To trigger flowering, the plant needs a shift to 12 hours of continuous darkness each day. Indoor growers often use timers to simulate seasonal light changes, whereas outdoor growers rely on regional sunlight patterns and seasonal variations.

Pistil

The pistil is the female reproductive part of the cannabis plant.

The pistil comprises the stigma, style, and ovary. Early in flowering, pistils appear as white hairs, darkening as the plant matures, serving as visible indicators of the flowering stage and readiness for harvest. While they do not contain cannabinoids, pistils are crucial for sexual reproduction. Growers rely on the color and appearance of their crops as visual cues to determine the optimal harvest time, ensuring optimal quality and yield every time.

Pre-Roll

A pre-roll is a pre-made, ready-to-smoke cannabis joint.

Commercial pre-rolls usually contain ground flower and are sold in single or multipacks. The quality of these pre-rolls varies depending on the flower used, such as whole buds or trim. Some pre-rolls are infused with concentrates or kief, which increases their potency. These products cater to a broad range of consumers, offering options from standard to highly potent, infused varieties, ensuring there’s something for everyone’s preferences and needs.

Pruning

Pruning is the process of trimming leaves or branches to improve plant development.

Pruning helps shape the overall structure of a plant and promotes healthy growth. It involves removing lower growth that can exhaust the plant’s energy reserves and hinder airflow, thereby reducing the risk of disease. Techniques such as lollipopping and selective defoliation can be used to redirect energy toward the top buds, optimizing development. When done at the right time, pruning can significantly boost yields, but improperly timed pruning may stress the plant.

Rosin

Rosin is a solventless cannabis extract created using heat and pressure.

Often produced with a rosin press, this method involves applying heat and pressure to flower or hash to extract concentrated oils. The process utilizes heated metal plates that melt the trichomes, enabling the collection of pure resin without the use of solvents. Renowned for its simplicity, safety, and ability to preserve terpenes and cannabinoids, this method yields a high-quality, flavorful concentrate that retains the original terpene profile and cannabinoid content.

Ruderalis

Ruderalis is a low-THC cannabis subspecies that flowers automatically.

Cannabis ruderalis, native to Central and Eastern Europe, is a hardy and fast-growing cannabis subspecies. They flower based on age rather than light exposure, making it a unique plant. Although it has lower THC levels, its ability to withstand cold and drought conditions makes it suitable for harsh environments. Breeders cross ruderalis with other strains to develop resilient, autoflowering hybrids with rapid growth cycles in under 90 days from germination to harvest.

Sativa

Sativa strains are known for their energizing effects, characterized by a tall, lanky structure.

Native to equatorial regions, cannabis sativas are distinguished by their more extended flowering periods and thin, elongated fan leaves. These plants are renowned for producing an uplifting cerebral high, which boosts creativity and focus, making them popular for daytime use. Due to their tall stature and high light requirements, sativas are better suited to outdoor environments with warm, sunny climates or indoor areas with ample space for upward growth.

Screen of Green (SCRoG)

SCRoG is a type of cultivation where branches are spread horizontally across a screen to form an even canopy.

By weaving or tying down branches beneath a horizontal screen, growers can maximize light exposure to all bud sites, which in turn reduces vertical stretching and encourages even flowering. This technique is beneficial for countries where only a limited number of plants can be grown, as it increases the yield per plant. While SCRoG requires extended vegetative growth and careful training, it offers excellent space efficiency and overall productivity.

Sea of Green (SOG)

SOG involves growing many small plants close together to achieve faster harvests.

The SOG technique is designed to maximize yield per square foot and is perfect for quick turnover or areas with limited vertical space. Growers often skip extensive training for each plant and instead move them to the flowering stage early, typically after just two to three weeks of vegetative growth. This method leads to a canopy composed of uniform, small plants and is commonly used in conjunction with clones to promote a consistent cultivation cycle.

Shatter

Shatter is a cannabis concentrate that has a glass-like consistency. It is made with solvents and dried plant material. 

Shatter is a highly translucent and brittle concentrate derived from pure butane hash oil (BHO). It is created through a careful purging process at low temperatures, resulting in a firm, glass-like consistency. Renowned for its potent THC content and stable, breakable texture, shatter requires precise handling compared to softer concentrates like wax or budder. It is primarily consumed through dabbing or vaporizing, offering users an intense and potent experience.

Sinsemilla

Sinsemilla refers to potent, seedless female cannabis flowers.

The term “sinsemilla” originates from Spanish, meaning “without seeds.” It refers specifically to cannabis buds harvested from unpollinated female plants. Since these plants are not fertilized, they do not produce seeds, allowing all their energy to be invested in increasing the production of cannabinoids and terpenes, which are responsible for the plant’s potency, aroma, and flavor. Sinsemilla is regarded as the premier choice for high-quality, resin-rich cannabis flowers.

Stabilization

Stabilization is the process of breeding plants to ensure consistent expression of desired traits.

Through the process of multiple generations of selective breeding, breeders carefully choose parent plants with desirable traits to produce offspring that better express these characteristics. Their goal is to develop seeds that consistently exhibit specific attributes such as THC content, growth patterns, and terpene profiles. Achieving long-term genetic stability is crucial for large-scale commercial production, ensuring consistent results across diverse growing environments.

Stigma

The stigma is the part of the pistil that collects pollen.

These hair-like structures, known as stigmas, emerge from the bract of the flower and gradually change color over time, beginning as white and then transitioning to shades of orange or brown, signaling the plant’s maturity and readiness for harvest. In a pollinated flower, the stigmas are responsible for capturing pollen grains, which facilitates the formation of seeds. Conversely, unpollinated stigmas indicate resinous, seedless buds valued for their potency and quality.

Sugar Leaves

Sugar leaves are small, resin-covered leaves that grow around cannabis colas.

Sugar leaves, named for their dense coating of trichomes that give them a sugary, sparkling appearance, are a secondary part of the cannabis plant. Although less potent than the main flowers or bracts, these leaves still contain valuable resin glands. Cultivators often carefully trim sugar leaves to enhance the plant’s overall visual appeal, hygiene, and ease of harvest, and sometimes use them for low-quality extraction or edibles.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Tetrahydrocannabinol is the main psychoactive compound in cannabis that produces a “high.”

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, binding specifically to CB1 receptors in the brain, which influence mood, perception, and appetite. THC levels vary across strains, impacting their potency. It has been extensively researched for medical uses, including pain relief, nausea reduction, and appetite stimulation. Legally, hemp contains less than 0.3% THC by weight, distinguishing it from other cannabis varieties.

Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA)

THCA is the non-psychoactive acidic form of THC found in raw cannabis.

THCA, the raw form of cannabis, offers potential health benefits such as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. It is commonly consumed in its raw state, through methods such as juicing or tinctures, to avoid the psychoactive effects. When exposed to heat during processes like smoking, vaping, or cooking, THCA undergoes decarboxylation, converting into active THC, which activates THC’s psychoactive properties and is responsible for the associated “high”.

Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)

THCV is a cannabinoid that may suppress appetite and deliver an energetic high.

THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin) interacts differently with CB1 receptors in the endocannabinoid system. At low doses or small amounts, THCV acts as an antagonist, potentially reducing appetite, hunger, and anxiety. When taken in higher doses, it may induce mild psychoactive effects similar to, but less intense than, THC. Currently, ongoing research investigates THCV’s promising therapeutic applications for weight management, diabetes, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Terpenes

Terpenes are aromatic compounds that give cannabis its aroma and influence effects.

The cannabis contains a variety of terpenes, which play a key role in its unique scent and flavor. Popular terpenes like myrcene, limonene, and pinene not only give cannabis its distinctive aroma but also work synergistically with cannabinoids to influence effects such as uplifting mood, boosting alertness, or inducing relaxation. These natural compounds make each strain unique, enhancing both the flavor and the experience for users.

Topping

Topping is the process of removing the apical main stem to encourage the growth of more than one cola.

This high-stress training method involves removing the main apical bud of a plant during its vegetative stage. By doing so, it interrupts the apical dominance, encouraging the plant to redirect energy to develop multiple lateral branches, or colas. Topping can be repeated several times, but it is essential to space these interventions, as this allows the plant sufficient recovery time before entering the flowering stage, promoting healthier growth and larger harvests.

Transplanting

Transplanting means moving a plant from a smaller pot or container into a larger one or directly into the ground.

Transplanting helps prevent root-bound growth, where roots circle tightly due to a lack of space. It enables plants to access more nutrients, space, and resources, promoting healthier growth and development. The process must be carried out carefully to minimize stress; the roots should remain intact, and watering should be done immediately to prevent dehydration. Proper transplanting is vital when moving seedlings from trays to larger containers or outdoor beds.

Trichomes

Trichomes are tiny resin glands containing THC, CBD, terpenes, and other cannabinoids.

These glandular structures appear as crystal-like outgrowths and play a crucial role in the plant’s defense system, deterring unwanted pests and protecting against UV damage. Trichome maturity is measured by color (clear, cloudy, or amber); it is a critical factor in determining the optimal harvest time. Different types include bulbous, capitate-sessile, and capitate-stalked, each with varying resin content, and are commonly seen through a jeweler’s loupe.They are formed all over the cannabis plant with high concentrations on the bracts and sugar leaves.

Vegetative Stage

The vegetative stage is when the plant focuses on developing a robust structure and establishing a well-developed root zone.

During this cannabis growth phase, cannabis plants experience rapid development, forming the framework needed for future flowering. They need extended periods of light, typically 18 to 24 hours daily, and require high-nitrogen nutrients to support vigorous growth. Cultivators often employ training techniques such as low-stress training or topping during this stage to shape the plant canopy, manage height, and promote even light distribution for optimal yields.

Wick System

A wick system is a passive watering form of automatic watering that uses fabric or rope to draw water to the roots.

This system utilizes capillary action to transfer a nutrient solution from a reservoir to the plant’s growing medium and can be used in a hydroponic or soil grow. It is energy-efficient and easy to maintain, making it an ideal choice for small-scale applications. However, its scalability is limited, and the nutrient delivery speed is relatively slow. Wick systems are suitable for small plants or low-maintenance gardening, offering a cost-effective and straightforward solution for hobbyists and those with minimal care requirements.

Winterization

Winterization is the process of removing fats, waxes, and lipids from cannabis extracts.

By combining the extract with ethanol and then freezing the mixture, unwanted plant materials, such as chlorophyll, lipids, and other impurities, coagulate and form solid deposits. The process then facilitates the removal of these impurities through filtration, resulting in a more refined product. The purification significantly improves the clarity and flavor profile, ensuring compatibility with vaporizers, and produces a cleaner, smoother, and more enjoyable vaping experience.